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What are the next challenges for AI?

6 episodes

1

Machine Learning: can we correct biases?
2

AI Act: how Europe wants to regulate machines
3

“Decisions made by algorithms must be justified”
4

Artificial intelligence: a tool for domination or emancipation?
5

When algorithms replace humans, what is at stake?
6

Are artificial intelligence and human intelligence comparable?

Épisode 1/6

Machine Learning: can we correct biases?

Sophy Caulier, Independant journalist

On December 1st, 2021

4 min reading time

Stephan Clémençon

Professor of Applied Mathematics at Télécom Paris (IP Paris)

Key takeaways

AI is a set of tools, methods and technologies that allow a system to perform tasks in an (almost) autonomous way.
The question of trust in Machine Learning (ML) tools is recurrent, because deep learning requires very large volumes of data, which often come from the web.
There are different types of bias that can be related to the data source used. These include “selection bias”, due to the lack of representativity, and “omission bias”, where data are lacking.
When the available data are too sparse to implement ML in a simple way, we talk about “weak signals”. Hybridisation of ML with symbolic AI could provide solutions.

Épisode 2/6

AI Act: how Europe wants to regulate machines

Sophy Caulier, Independant journalist

On December 1st, 2021

3 min reading time

Winston Maxwell

Director of Rights and Digital Studies at Télécom Paris (IP Paris)

Key takeaways

AI is not outside the law. Whether its RGPD for personal data, or sector-specific regulations in the health, finance, or automotive sectors, existing regulations already apply.
In Machine Learning (ML), algorithms are self-created and operate in a probabilistic manner. Their results are accurate most of the time, but risk of error is an unavoidable characteristic of this type of model.
A challenge for the future will be to surround these very powerful probabilistic systems with safeguards for tasks like image recognition.
Upcoming EU AI regulations in the form of the “AI Act” will require compliance testing and ‘CE’ marking for any high-risk AI systems put on the market in Europe.

Épisode 3/6

“Decisions made by algorithms must be justified”

Sophy Caulier, Independant journalist

On December 1st, 2021

4 min reading time

Isabelle Bloch

Professor at Sorbonne University (Chair in Artificial Intelligence)

Key takeaways

Symbolic AI is based on certain rules, which reproduce human reasoning. This approach is said to be “inherently explainable”, with a few exceptions.
Statistical approaches to AI rely on statistical learning methods; it is difficult to extract and express the rules of what its neural networks do.
The need for explainability comes from different issues around trust, ethics, responsibility, and also possibly economic issues.
Hybrid AI can address this problem by combining several AI approaches. It combines knowledge and data, symbolic AI and neural networks, logic, and learning.
But, whatever the approach, the role of the human being remains essential, and it will always be necessary to justify the decisions made by an algorithm.

Épisode 4/6

Artificial intelligence: a tool for domination or emancipation?

On January 17th, 2023

5 min reading time

Lê Nguyên Hoang

Co-founder and President of Tournesol.app

Victor Berger

Post-doctoral researcher at CEA Saclay

Giada Pistilli

PhD student at Sorbonne University affiliated with the CNRS Science, Norms, Democracy laboratory

Key takeaways

There are three ways to teach artificial intelligence (AI): supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.
Machine learning algorithms can spot patterns so the slightest hidden bias in a dataset can therefore be exploited and amplified.
Generalising from past experience in AI can be problematic because algorithms use historical data to answer present problems.
AI is also a field with a great deal of power: ethical issues such as the use of data can emerge.
Communities could take ownership of AI, using it as a true participatory tool for emancipation.

Épisode 5/6

When algorithms replace humans, what is at stake?

On March 22nd, 2023

4 min reading time

Véronique Steyer

Associate Professor in Innovation Management at École Polytechnique (IP Paris)

Milie Taing

Founder and CEO of Lili.ai

Key takeaways

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly involved in our daily decisions but raises practical and ethical issues.
A distinction must be made between the notion of interpretability of AI (its functioning) and the notion of accountability (the degree of responsibility of the creator/user).
A draft European regulation should lead in 2023 to a classification of AIs according to different levels of risk.
AI can free humans from time-consuming and repetitive tasks and allow them to focus on more important tasks.
It is in France's interest to invest in this type of AI for very large projects because it has access to colossal amounts of data to process.

Épisode 6/6

Are artificial intelligence and human intelligence comparable?

On January 17th, 2024

5 min reading time

Daniel Andler

Professor emeritus in Philosophy of Science at Sorbonne Université

Maxime Amblard

Professor of Computer Science at Université de Lorraine

Annabelle Blangero

PhD in Neuroscience and Data Science Manager at Ekimetrics

Key takeaways

Artificial intelligence and human intelligence are inevitably compared.
This confrontation is intrinsic to the history of AI: some approaches are inspired by human cognition, while others are completely independent from it.
The imprecise and controversial definition of intelligence makes this comparison vague.
Consciousness remains one of the main elements that AI seems to lack in order to imitate human intelligence.
The question of comparison in fact raises ethical issues about the use, purpose and regulation of AI.

Contributors

Sophy Caulier

Independant journalist

Sophy Caulier has a degree in Literature (University Paris Diderot) and in Computer science (University Sorbonne Paris Nord). She began her career as an editorial journalist at 'Industrie & Technologies' and then at 01 Informatique. She is now a freelance journalist for daily newspapers (Les Echos, La Tribune), specialised and non-specialised magazines and websites. She writes about digital technology, economics, management, industry and space. Today, she writes mainly for Le Monde and The Good Life.